ᴛᴏᴘ 𝟷𝟶 ᴋᴀʟɪ ʟɪɴᴜx ᴘᴇɴᴇᴛʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴛᴇsᴛɪɴɢ ᴛᴏᴏʟs -ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴇxᴘʟᴀɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴ

 Certainly! Here’s a list of some of the most famous hacking tools included in Kali Linux, along with detailed explanations:

1. Nmap

• Description: Nmap (Network Mapper) is a powerful open-source tool used for network discovery and security auditing.
• Use Cases:
  • Port Scanning: Identifies open ports on a host to determine which services are running.
  • Network Inventory: Helps map out network structures and discover connected devices.
  • OS Detection: Can determine the operating system and version running on a device.

2. Metasploit

• Description: Metasploit is a penetration testing framework that provides information about security vulnerabilities and helps in developing and executing exploit code.
• Use Cases:
  • Exploit Development: Write and customize exploit code to take advantage of vulnerabilities.
  • Payload Generation: Create payloads to deliver once an exploit has succeeded.
  • Penetration Testing: Conduct comprehensive security assessments of networks and applications.

3. Wireshark

• Description: Wireshark is a widely-used network protocol analyzer that captures and interacts with live data packets on a network.
• Use Cases:
  • Traffic Analysis: Analyze network traffic to troubleshoot issues or detect suspicious activities.
  • Protocol Analysis: Examine various protocols used within the network.
  • Packet Inspection: View detailed information about captured packets for security assessments.

4. Aircrack-ng

• Description: Aircrack-ng is a suite of tools for assessing Wi-Fi network security, primarily focused on WEP and WPA/WPA2 encryption.
• Use Cases:
  • Packet Capturing: Collect packets to analyze and crack encryption keys.
  • WEP/WPA Cracking: Use captured packets to recover passwords for wireless networks.
  • Network Monitoring: Monitor Wi-Fi networks for vulnerabilities and security flaws.

5. Burp Suite

• Description: Burp Suite is a powerful integrated platform for web application security testing, widely used by penetration testers.
• Use Cases:
  • Vulnerability Scanning: Identify security flaws in web applications.
  • Interception Proxy: Intercept and modify requests between the browser and the server for testing purposes.
  • Automated Scanning: Perform automated scans to discover vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS.

6. John the Ripper

• Description: John the Ripper is a fast password-cracking tool that supports various hash formats and encryption methods.
• Use Cases:
  • Password Recovery: Recover lost or forgotten passwords.
  • Strength Testing: Test the strength of passwords against dictionary and brute-force attacks.
  • Hash Cracking: Identify weaknesses in password storage mechanisms.

7. SQLMap

• Description: SQLMap is an automated tool for detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications.
• Use Cases:
  • Database Enumeration: Extract database information from vulnerable applications.
  • Data Exfiltration: Retrieve sensitive data from databases through injection.
  • Exploit Automation: Automate the process of identifying and exploiting SQL injection flaws.

8. Hydra

• Description: Hydra is a powerful parallelized login cracker that supports various protocols and services.
• Use Cases:
  • Brute Force Attacks: Attempt to gain access by systematically trying different username/password combinations.
  • Protocol Support: Works with many protocols including HTTP, FTP, SSH, and more.
  • Customizable: Allows for customization of attack strategies and parameters.

9. Nikto

• Description: Nikto is an open-source web server scanner that performs comprehensive tests against web servers.
• Use Cases:
  • Vulnerability Scanning: Identify server vulnerabilities, outdated software, and misconfigurations.
  • CGI Vulnerability Testing: Detect potential issues with Common Gateway Interface scripts.
  • Web Server Information: Gather information about the server configuration and installed applications.

10. Ettercap

• Description: Ettercap is a comprehensive suite for man-in-the-middle attacks on LAN, useful for network sniffing and traffic manipulation.
• Use Cases:
  • Network Sniffing: Capture packets on a local network to analyze traffic.
  • Active/Interactive Packet Manipulation: Modify traffic between two parties in real-time.
  • Protocol Analysis: Supports a wide range of protocols for deep analysis.

Conclusion

Kali Linux offers a rich toolkit for cybersecurity professionals and ethical hackers. These tools enable users to conduct thorough security assessments, discover vulnerabilities, and ensure the integrity of systems. Always remember to use these tools responsibly and within the bounds of the law.

ɴᴇᴛᴡᴏʀᴋɪɴɢ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇᴘᴛs -ᴏᴠᴇʀᴠɪᴇᴡ

 Sure! Here’s a brief overview of key networking concepts:

1. Network Types

• LAN (Local Area Network): A network that covers a small geographic area, like a home or office. It typically uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi.

• WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographic area, often using leased telecommunication lines. The internet is the largest WAN.

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a city or a large campus, typically larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.

2. Networking Devices

• Router: A device that connects multiple networks and directs data between them. It manages traffic within a network and to/from the internet.

• Switch: A device that connects devices within a LAN, using MAC addresses to forward data only to the intended recipient.

• Access Point (AP): A device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi.

3. IP Addressing

• IPv4: The most common IP address format, consisting of four sets of numbers (e.g., 192.168.1.1). It provides about 4 billion unique addresses.

• IPv6: The newer version designed to replace IPv4, with a much larger address space (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

4. Subnetting

Subnetting divides a larger network into smaller, manageable subnetworks. It improves performance and enhances security. Each subnet has a unique subnet mask that determines its size.

5. Protocols

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The foundational suite of protocols for the internet, responsible for data transmission and addressing.

• HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): Protocols used for transferring web pages. HTTPS includes encryption for security.

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers over a network.

6. Network Security

• Firewalls: Security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

• VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure connection method that encrypts your internet traffic and hides your IP address.

• Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Tools that monitor networks for malicious activity or policy violations.

7. Network Topologies

• Star: All devices connect to a central hub. If the hub fails, the network goes down, but individual devices remain functional.

• Bus: All devices share a single communication line. If the main line fails, the whole network fails.

• Ring: Each device connects to two others, forming a circular data path. A failure in one device can disrupt the entire network.

8. Bandwidth and Latency

• Bandwidth: The maximum rate of data transfer across a network. Higher bandwidth allows more data to be transferred simultaneously.

• Latency: The time it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination. Lower latency is critical for real-time applications like video conferencing.

9. DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS translates human-friendly domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.

10. Network Troubleshooting

Common tools for troubleshooting network issues include:

• Ping: Tests connectivity between devices.
• Traceroute: Traces the path data takes to reach a destination, helping identify where problems occur.
• nslookup: Queries DNS to obtain domain name or IP address mapping.

Conclusion

Understanding these networking concepts is crucial for managing and securing networks effectively. Whether you're setting up a home network or managing enterprise-level infrastructure, these principles form the foundation of modern networking.

█▓▒▒░░░ To protect against hacking, here are some common mistakes to avoid:░░░▒▒▓█

 To protect against hacking, here are some common mistakes to avoid:

1. Weak Passwords: Use strong, unique passwords for each account.

2. Outdated Software: Regularly update software and operating systems to patch vulnerabilities.

3. Ignoring Security Alerts: Pay attention to security notifications from your devices and accounts.

4. Public Wi-Fi Use: Avoid accessing sensitive information on public Wi-Fi without a VPN.

5. Phishing Scams: Be cautious of suspicious emails and links. Verify the source before clicking.

6. Neglecting Two-Factor Authentication: Enable 2FA wherever possible for an added layer of security.

7. Sharing Too Much Personal Information: Limit the personal details shared on social media and online platforms.

8. Not Backing Up Data: Regularly back up important data to recover from potential breaches.

9. Disabling Firewalls: Keep firewalls enabled to protect against unauthorized access.

10. Using Default Settings: Change default passwords and settings on devices and accounts.

By addressing these mistakes, you can significantly reduce the risk of being hacked.

20 Most Basics Kali Linux Commands For Beginners

 

Kali Linux Basic Commands

Kali Linux command is a powerful penetration testing distribution by offensive security. It is available in 32-bit, 64-bit and ARM flavors. With the help of the Kali Linux features, we can easily create custom complex images. Kali Linux offers various certifications such as OSCP, OSWE, OSEP, OSWP, OSEE, and KLCP. The testing tools of the Kali Linux commands can be categorized into information gathering, password attacks, vulnerability assessment, web applications, exploitation tools, sniffing and spoofing, maintaining access, system services and reporting tools.

Kali Linux comprises various tools that can be used for wireless attacks, hardware hacking, forensics, stress testing, and reverse engineering. A USB disk, hard disk, or Live DVD can be used to install it. Network services are HTTP, MYSQL, and SSH. These are quite useful when using the Kali Linux commands.

Kali Linux operates on some android devices. Its predecessor is Backtrack which was carried over to Kali via Live Boot. The system becomes easy to use once the users get the command over it.

Kali Linux Basic Commands

The following is the list of Kali Linux basic commands:

1. Date Command
2. Cal Command
3. Cd command
4. Cp command
5. Whoami Command
6. Ls command
7. cat command
8. mkdir command
9. rm command
10. mv command
11. Uname command
12. Uptime command
13. Users Command
14. Less command
15. More command
16. Vi Command
17. Free Command
18. Sort Command
19. History Command
20. Pwd Command

1. Date Command

In Kali Linux, the 'date' command is used to display the system date and time. In order to display the date, we have to use the following command:

Syntax:

1. # date  

2. Cal Command

The cal command displays the current month's formatted calendar on our terminal screen. If we require a more advanced version of cal, we can install the ncal package on our Linux machine, which displays the calendar vertically and provides additional options.

Syntax

1. # Cal  

3. Cd Command

The 'cd' command is also called chdir (Change Directory). We used this command to change or switch the current working directory.

4. cp Command

In Kali Linux, the 'cp' command is used to copy files or a group of files or directories that create an exact image of a file on a disk with a different file name.

5. whoami Command

The 'whoami' command is used to print the effective user ID whereas the who command prints information regarding users who are presently logged in.

The "w" command can also be used to view who is logged on and what they are doing.

6. Ls Command

One of the most useful commands in Kali Linux is the 'ls' command. The ls command lists the directory contents of files and directories. With the help of the ls command, we can easily list out every hidden file of a directory with the -a attribute, and for more detailed output, we can use the -l attribute.

Syntax

1. # ls -al  

7. Cat Command

The 'cat' (concatenate) command is one of Kali Linux's most commonly used commands, permitting us to create single or many files, concatenate files and redirect, view contain of file output in terminal or files.

Usually, we use the cat command to display the content of a file.

Syntax

1. # cat filename  

8. mkdir Command

The 'mkdir' command is used to create directories. For example, if we wish to create a directory named 'Penetration testing' under the 'Documents' directory, then we have to open a terminal and enter the below command:

1. cd Documents  
2. mkdir Penetration testing  

9. rm Command

In Kali Linux, the 'rm' command is used to delete files. It can be used to delete directories when we use them recursively.

The removal process separates a file name form its associated data in a file system and identifies that space in the storage device as available for future writes. In other words, when we erase a file. the data inside it remains unchanged, but it is no longer linked to a filename.

10. mv Command

With the help of the 'mv' command, we can move or renames files and directories on our file system.

11. uname Command

The 'uname' command displays the current system's information. We can view system information about our Linux environment with the uname command in Linux. With the uname -a command, we can learn more about our system, including Kernel Name, Node Name, Kernel Release, Kernel Version, Hardware Platform, Processor, and Operating System.

Syntax

1. # uname  

12. uptime Command

The 'uptime' command displays the amount of time the system has been running. Uptime's basic usage is simple: simply type the name of the command and click Enter.

Use the -p command-line option if we merely want to know how long the system has been up for and in a more human-readable format.

Syntax

1. # uptime  

13. users Command

The 'users' command is used to display the login names of users logged in on the system.

Syntax

1. # users  

14. less Command

In Kali Linux, the 'less' command is used to view files instead of opening the file. The less command is a more powerful variant of the "more" command which is used to show information one page at a time to the terminal.

We can view any text file with the help of the "less" command simply by typing the following command into a terminal window:

Syntax:

1. # less /etc/passwd  

15. more Command

The "more" command permits us to show output in the terminal one page at a time. This is particularly beneficial when using a command that requires a lot of scrolling, such as the 'ls' command or the 'du' commands.

The 'more' command works with any applications that output to the screen. A good way to test this is to type the following command into a terminal window:

Syntax:

1. # moreetc/passwd  

16. vi Command

The 'vi' editor is a screen editor that comes with practically every UNIX system. The command mode and the insert mode are the two most common nodes in vi.

In order to start entering text in an empty file, we have to first switch from the command mode to the insert mode. To accomplish this, start typing the letter i. When we start typing, anything then the type will be entered into the file.

Type some short lines, then press Return at the end of each. Vi does not use word wrap like other word processors. It will break a line at the screen' edge. If we make a mistake, we can undo it by pressing the Backspace key. If the Backspace key on our computer is not working, then try the ctrl + h key combination.

17. free Command

In Kali Linux, the 'free' command provides us the useful information about the amount of RAM available on a Linux machine. It also displays the entire amount of physical memory used and available space, as well as swap memory with kernel buffers.

Syntax:

1. # free  

If we use the free command with the -t option, it would list the total line at the end.

18. sort Command

Using the 'sort' command, we can sort the content of the text file, line by line. Sort is a standard command-line program which prints the lines of its input or concentration of all files listed in its argument list in sorted order.

Syntax:

1. # sort file name  

We can reverse the order of any file's contents by using the -r sort.

Syntax

1. # sort -r   

19. history Command

The 'history' command is one of Kali Linux's most commonly used commands. The history command in the bash shell saves a history of commands entered that can be used to repeat commands.

We can run the history command by itself, and it will just print the current user's bash history on the screen, as shown below:

Syntax:

1. # history  

20. Pwd Command

In Kali Linux, the 'Pwd' command is used to print working directory. It gives us information about the directory we are now in. This is especially useful if we need to access the directory while in the middle of a complicated process.